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“It’s fantastic to see the hardware sitting on the surface, waiting for us to come back again,” Mark Robinson, chief of the camera science team, said in a news briefing in Washington, D.C.
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter was launched June 18 on a mission to map the lunar surface in preparation for the planned return of astronauts to the moon in 2020. It carries instruments designed to search for ice deposits in sunless canyons and crevices; those deposits could be a source of water and rocket fuel for future moon colonists.
The cameras started clicking away in the last few weeks, as the spacecraft settled into an orbit that brought it as close to the surface as 18 miles. Over the years, Japan, China and India have all sent probes to the moon that have focused on the old Apollo sites. But the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter’s images of the hardware left behind are the sharpest yet, NASA said, resolving features as small as 3 feet wide.

The reconnaissance orbiter took pictures of five of the six landing sites, missing only that of Apollo 12, which launched on Nov. 14, 1969.
Some of the best images are of the Apollo 14 landing site, where a set of scientific instruments can be seen, along with marks in the topsoil, known as regolith, left by the astronauts walking around in their spacesuits. The pictures also show the tracks of the tool cart the astronauts towed behind them, Robinson said. Apollo 14 launched on Jan. 31, 1971.
As impressed as they were by the images, NASA officials said they expect better quality after the orbiter finishes commissioning its instruments, a process similar to tuning a new musical instrument to get the best sound. Images of the Apollo 11 landing site, for one, are expected to be twice as good in the future, officials said.
Referring to conspiracy buffs who question whether the moon landing of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin really occurred, one reporter asked if the images show the American flag planted by the astronauts. Robinson said that would be difficult to resolve from space.
“If it’s standing, it would be very, very narrow,” he said. “We might be able to see its shadow at some point.”
But he said he believed the flag was knocked over by the exhaust from the Apollo 11 lunar module’s ascent engine as Armstrong and Aldrin lifted off for the trip home. The mission ended on July 24, 1969, when the module carrying Armstrong, Aldrin and Michael Collins parachuted into the Pacific Ocean.
Aside from the curiosity value connected with the images, NASA said the pictures could be important to future moon colonists. Changes in the surface, in the form of new cratering, would help scientists understand how often a particular region on the moon is hit by rocks from space. That information would be important in designing habitats.
The lunar images can be viewed on the NASA website, at www.nasa.gov .

NASA orbiter offers images of moon landing sites

Engineers are going through the final checks on the latest Soyuz spacecraft, due to blast off in three days, taking three members to create the first six-person crew on the International Space Station.

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Astronauts aboard space shuttle Atlantis are preparing to return to Earth after an ambitious and risky mission to re-fit the Hubble telescope.

There are two chances to land on Friday: one at 1500 BST (1000 EDT) and a second at 1639 BST (1139 EDT).

If bad weather scuppers either of those opportunities, the shuttle will try to land on Saturday in Florida or at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

The mission was intended to give a new lease of life to Hubble.

The orbiting observatory is regarded as one of the most important scientific tools ever built.

The fifth and final mission to service Hubble has been hailed as a great success.

Over five spacewalks, astronauts installed new instruments and thermal blankets, repaired two existing instruments, replaced gyroscopes and batteries.

The only disappointment was the failure to restore the high resolution channel (one of three) on Hubble’s main camera – the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS).

Cloudy skies and stormy weather could yet pose a problem for Friday’s landing attempts, Nasa has said.

The shuttle has enough supplies to remain in orbit until Monday.

The US space agency has cleared Atlantis for its fiery re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere following in-flight inspections of its heat shield by the crew.

The Hubble telescope was released from the shuttle’s robotic arm on Tuesday.

Atlantis ready to return to Earth

On a marathon spacewalk Sunday, two astronauts overcame repeated obstacles to make the second of two historic repairs to the Hubble Space Telescope.

One bolt that had to be extracted proved so stubborn that astronaut Michael Massimino resorted to brute force to rip it out of the telescope.

His efforts paid off. Hubble’s $166 million chemical analyzer, dead for nearly five years, came back to life after Massimino and a colleague rewired its electronics. The device makes a fingerprint of cosmic objects by separating light. It is good for finding black holes and examining the atmosphere of planets outside our solar system.

When Mission Control announced that the chemical analyzer had passed the “aliveness test” administered by engineers on Earth, the astronauts in space cheered.

“That sounds great,” Massimino said. “Thanks so much.”

Saturday, another team of astronauts revived a Hubble camera that broke two years ago.

Never before have astronauts tried to repair Hubble’s scientific instruments. Because those instruments weren’t designed for maintenance in space, working on them poses major challenges to astronauts wearing stiff, thick space gloves.

Sunday’s outing was the fourth of five spacewalks planned for the crew of space shuttle Atlantis, which is paying the last service call to the storied telescope. The seven Atlantis astronauts want to rejuvenate the Hubble to ensure it will last at least five more years.

The astronauts ran into a trio of unwelcome surprises during Sunday’s outing, which ran so long that they never got to their second scheduled chore, installation of insulation on the Hubble.

First, Massimino couldn’t undo a bolt holding a handrail in place — a major problem, because the handrail blocked access to the failed Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. Massimino yanked the handrail free after getting a go-ahead from Mission Control. Engineers estimated the task would take 60 pounds of force.

Then Massimino had trouble installing a device designed to grab 100-plus tiny screws he had to take out. The device was supposed to sit on the door to the spectrograph and keep the screws from floating into the Hubble’s workings.

Finally Massimino’s power screwdriver went dead, leading the exasperated astronaut to blurt out, “Oh, for Pete’s sake!” He had to break off working and travel to a distant toolbox to get a spare screwdriver.

The refrigerator-sized spectrograph has made major contributions to astronomy since it was added to Hubble in 1997. It doesn’t take photos but instead analyzes the composition of stars and other objects in the universe.

It detected black holes at the center of many galaxies and helped scientists do a definitive study of a star in the last stages of life. It was the first to analyze the atmosphere of a planet orbiting a star other than the sun.

Nearly every spacewalk made by the Hubble crew has run into unexpected difficulties. Thursday, spacewalker Andrew Feustel had to muscle another stuck bolt out of place. If he’d failed, a new camera would’ve had to return to Earth rather than being installed on the Hubble.

Friday, Massimino and spacewalking partner Michael Good had so much trouble replacing Hubble’s gyroscopes that they fell 90 minutes behind schedule.

The mission’s final spacewalk is scheduled for Monday. Feustel and partner John Grunsfeld will have to try to finish up the work that Massimino and Good didn’t have time for.

Hubble analyzer fixed, but not without headaches

As a result, Europe will hold a scientific and technological lead over the United States in some key areas of cosmology, at least for a while.

On Monday, NASA will send a crew of astronauts to install greatly improved instruments on the 18-year-old Hubble Space Telescope. Just three days later, the European Space Agency will launch two even more advanced telescopes, named Planck and Herschel.

The American and European launchings will be ”right on top of each other,” said Jon Morse, the director of NASA’s Astrophysics Division.

If all three instruments work as planned, scientists will be able to look back almost to the birth of the universe 13.7 billion years ago. They could detect the first stars and galaxies, and prove — or disprove — theories about what happened in the first seconds after the ”big bang,” when cosmologists think that everything began.

DIFFERENT VIEWING

Each of the three telescopes ”sees” things in a different wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum. It’s like looking through different windows on the cosmos.

Hubble sees mostly in optical light, the narrow band between infrared and ultraviolet that’s visible to human eyes. Herschel will collect photons — particles of light — in a much wider infrared wavelength. Planck detects even longer microwaves, which carry photons left over from the big bang.

The three telescopes will study ”different pieces of the universe,” said Ray Villard, Hubble’s news director. “They’re complementary.”

Herschel will have the largest mirror ever put in space, 11.5 feet across, half again as big as Hubble’s mirror. Planck will have the sharpest vision, detecting differences as small as two parts in a million. Hubble, meanwhile, is better able to study galaxies, stars and planets beyond our solar system.

To save money, ESA will launch Planck and Herschel atop a single Ariane 5 rocket from the European spaceport in French Guiana, on the coast of South America. They’ll travel separately to a point 900,000 miles away, where they’ll enter a yearlong orbit around the sun.

THREE-YEAR PERIOD

Herschel, named for British astronomer William Herschel, the discoverer of Uranus, will sweep the entire sky every six months over a three-year period. It will build the most accurate map ever made of the cosmos.

Because light from very old and distant objects is stretched out toward the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum, Herschel’s infrared vision will let it see stars and galaxies as they were forming billions of years ago.

The best American infrared telescope, NASA’s 5-year-old Spitzer Space Telescope, has a much smaller mirror — 2.8 feet — and a narrower viewing range than Herschel’s.

”Herschel is big brother to Spitzer,” Villard said. “Herschel does everything Spitzer does, but does it better.”

The Planck satellite is named for Max Planck, a famed German physicist of the last century. Because it detects microwaves, Planck will study tiny ripples in the cosmic microwave background, a curtain of hot plasma shrouding what happened before the universe was 380,000 years old. Astronomers think that these irregularities formed the seeds of future galaxies.

”Planck will provide the deepest, clearest, sharpest and least obstructed view of the beginning of the universe ever seen,” said Benjamin Wandelt, a Planck scientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It will be “a quantum leap in our ability to address fundamental questions about how the universe began.”

Planck is 10 times more sensitive and has three times the resolution of the best American microwave telescope, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, which was launched in 2001. Planck can detect temperature differences as small as one 10-millionth of a degree.

In space, Europe gets ahead of U.S. – Sci-techs.com

A former Microsoft Corp. executive Charles Simonyi has safely returned from his 12-day “vacation” on the International Space Stati, It was the last trip on which nonastronauts could hitch a ride on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft.

Simonyi blasted off March 26 from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan with two crew members, Russian cosmonaut Gennadiy Padalka and American astronaut Michael Barratt. He took the only route available to space tourists: making a reservation for the Soyuz through US-based Space Adventures Ltd.

But the Soyuz is a one-time-use ship that can hold only three people. When the ISS crew goes up to six members from three, delivering the entire crew to the ISS will take two trips at capacity. There simply will be no seats for tourists, even those with $35 million to burn.

The seats that have been used by tourists will be taken by American astronauts. Last December, NASA signed a $141 million contract with the Russian Space Agency to send three ISS crew members on two Soyuz vehicles in 2011. And the number of seats booked by NASA probably will grow because the main transport used by US astronauts, the space shuttle, will be retired next year.

But space tourism companies are looking for ways to continue in business. Theoretically, they could purchase an entire Soyuz vehicle and send their clients to space even without docking at the ISS. This is what Space Adventurers intends to do. But such plans require building an extra Soyuz spacecraft, as all currently operating ships are contracted out for ISS expeditions.

“There is a potential to build [an extra] ship,” Aleksey Krasnov, the head of manned flights for the Russian Space Agency, said at a news conference. “But there are problems with this. This year we have a record number of flights – four – which means we need to launch four spacecrafts.

“It is necessary to consider industrial and production capacities as well as human resources when building the fifth ship,” Mr. Krasnov said. But he added that he hopes that Energiya, the company that constructs the Soyuz, will build a fifth ship.

Vitaliy Lopota, president and chief designer of Energiya, claims that it takes 2-1/2 to three years to build a spacecraft, which means tourist flights couldn’t resume until 2012-2013 at the earliest.

“But this project will require more financing,” Mr. Lapota was quoted as saying by the Russian news agency RIA Novosti. “The current conditions of financial markets are not allowing building an extra manned spacecraft.”

Private companies have started actively searching for cheaper options. A number of them are developing alternatives to Soyuz ships and carriers to get tourists to space. Competition is growing quickly.

The British firm Virgin Galactic is planning to send 500 people to space each year on its newly built SpaceShipTwo, carried by the rocket White Knight Two. It plans to send up its first tourist as soon as next year or in 2011, when all test flights are finished. A 2-1/2-hour space voyage will cost $200,000. Other companies such as Space Adventures and RocketShip Tours Inc. of Phoenix, are offering suborbital flights where tourists would fly about 37 to 68 miles high, experience weightlessness for five to 10 minutes, and return to Earth.

Such has been the Internet’s phenomenal and dizzying growth that much of the technology which supports it has grown organically and without much forward planning.

But what if the Internet was to run out of space? This isn’t just a theoretical debate, but something experts warn could become a real issue within a few years. Now, one business school professor studying the issue believes he may have come up with a solution.

The problem isn’t one of storage, but of location, the so-called IP addresses which are handed out to new sites. These are all given a unique number based on something called the IPv4 (Internet protocol version 4) standard, the system under which the web first expanded globally.

IPv4 assigns main host addresses using a system which gives around 4 billion possible combinations, a figure which at the time seemed greater than could possibly ever be used. But now the numbers are running out. A new system, IPv6, has been developed, but technical issues and a reluctance among Web companies to begin using it means it could be years before this is widely adopted.

Benjamin G. Edelman, a professor of business administration at Harvard Business School, is warning that such a bottleneck could seriously hamper the Internet, saying the Web is in danger of becoming “a victim of its own success.”

If new technology businesses can’t acquire sufficient IP addresses it will be difficult for them to get a foothold in the industry, he said.

“Entry and potential entry are an important part of competition. We need to make sure new firms can easily begin operations so that existing providers can’t hold customers hostage.”

Edelman believes he has come up with an interim solution — a free market in defunct or unused IP addresses, of which there are many millions, which can be transferred, at a price, to new owners.

“It’s unlikely that other networks would return their space for free. Why would they?” he said. “But if the price is right, they may be willing to transfer the space to someone who needs it more.”

In the Web’s early days, Edelman explains, when the number of IP addresses seemed inexhaustible, some networks were allocated huge numbers by the non-governmental independent regulators which control this. Some of these companies later scaled back their Internet activities or even went out of business altogether.

These unused addresses could attract a market price, bringing not only what economists call “allocative efficiency” — moving resources to where they are most needed — but also another benefit.

“By putting a positive price on IPv4 space, a market mechanism would remind current v4 users that their v4 space is valuable, and that they might want to try to vacate it, to the extent they can, perhaps by moving to IPv6,” he said.

“A market basically tells networks: ‘We will pay you to use v6 instead.’ That’s a transition incentive quite different from anything we’ve seen to date. That’s a transition incentive that just might work.”

Economically efficient it might be. But would this mean ordinary Web users having to pay in order to surf? Edelman believes not.

“If this transition goes smoothly, consumers should never notice. To date, IP addresses have been a trivially small part of the cost of Internet access and Web site hosting. Even if IP address prices increased 100 times, consumers still probably wouldn’t notice,” he said.

“The bigger worries come if Internet Service Providers just cannot expand, or just cannot enter the market. If that were to come to pass, I wouldn’t be surprised to see effects on service price and quality.”

Could the Internet run out of space?

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